A Review on Highly Sensitive Analytical Techniques for Toxicological Studies in Biological Samples

Highly sensitive analytical techniques have allowed a massive increase in the amount of pharmacokinetic data which is useful to estimate the toxicity of the particular drugs. Generally available analytical techniques may not provide sufficient information to identify the all these toxic substances present in biological fluids at low concentrations. So, modifications to generally available analytical techniques are required. They can provide high sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method towards the particular type of toxic substances. They provide reliable, robust sensitive, specific, quantitative assay procedures for the determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids. The sensitivity of these techniques is up to nano-grams and pico-grams. Originally, the most common extraction method was liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become an increasingly popular extraction method.